کتاب اصول شاشی [ترکمنی]
ﺑﺴﻢ اﻟﻠﻪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ
اﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﻟﻠﻪ اﻟﺬﻯ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﻄﺎﺑﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﺧﺺ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺒﻄﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﻤﺰﻳﺪ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺛﻮاﺑﻪ ﻭاﻟﺼﻠﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻭاﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﻲ ﺣﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺃﺣﺒﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ اﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻭﺳﻨﺔ ﺭﺳﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﺇﺟﻤﺎﻉ اﻷﻣﺔ ﻭاﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻭاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻷ ﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺨﺮﺝ اﻷ ﺣﻜﺎﻡ
اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ
1 - ﻓﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻭاﻟﻌﺎﻡ
ﻓﺎﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﻔﺮاﺩ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ اﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ اﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ اﻟﺠﻨﺲ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭاﻟﺨﺎﺹ
ﻭاﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻳﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﺮاﺩ
ﺇﻣﺎ ﻟﻔﻈﺎ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻗﻮﻥ ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻣﺎ
ﻭﺣﻜﻢ اﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻻ ﻣﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺧﺒﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻜﻢ اﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺇﻻ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ {ﻳﺘﺮﺑﺼﻦ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻗﺮﻭء}
ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻔﻈﺔ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﺣﻤﻞ اﻹ ﻗﺮاء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻ ﻃﻬﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ اﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ اﻟﻄﻬﺮ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﺩﻭﻥ اﻟﺤﻴﺾ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺭﺩ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ اﻟﻄﻬﺮ ﻟﺰﻡ ﺗﺮﻙ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻷﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻬﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻃﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﻞ ﻃﻬﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﻫﻮ اﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﻓﻴﺨﺮﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا ﺣﻜﻢ اﻟﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻀﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺯﻭاﻟﻪ ﻭﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻧﻜﺎﺡ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺇﺑﻄﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺣﻜﻢ اﻟﺤﺒﺲ ﻭاﻹﻃﻼﻕ ﻭاﻟﻤﺴﻜﻦ ﻭاﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻭاﻟﺨﻠﻊ ﻭاﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﻭﺗﺰﻭﺝ اﻟﺰﻭﺝ ﺑﺄﺧﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻮاﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ اﻟﻤﻴﺮاﺙ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺗﻌﺪاﺩﻫﺎ