کتاب اصول شاشی [ترکمنی]
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ
اﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ اﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﻣﻄﺮﺩﺓ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﻴﻦ
ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻭاﻟﺤﻜﻢ
ﻭاﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻭاﻟﻤﺤﺾ ﻭاﻟﺤﻜﻢ
ﻓﺎﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ
ﻭاﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﻮ اﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻉ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ اﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫا ﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻠﻜﺖ ﻋﺒﺪا ﻓﻬﻮ ﺣﺮ ﻓﻤﻠﻚ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻌﺒﺪ ﻓﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﺛﻢ ﻣﻠﻚ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﻖ ﺇﺫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻌﺒﺪ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ اﺷﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﺒﺪا ﻓﻬﻮ ﺣﺮ ﻓﺎﺷﺘﺮﻯ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻌﺒﺪ ﻓﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﺛﻢ اﺷﺘﺮﻯ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻋﺘﻖ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﻋﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻚ اﻟﺸﺮاء ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮاء اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻧﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﺯ ﻷﻥ اﻟﺸﺮاء ﻋﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻭاﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ ﻓﻌﻤﺖ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻭاﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺇﻻﺇﻧﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻔﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﻬﻤﺔ ﻻ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺇﺫا ﻗﺎﻝ ﻻﻣﺮﺃﺗﻪ ﺣﺮﺭﺗﻚ ﻭﻧﻮﻯ ﺑﻪ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﻳﺼﺢ ﻷﻥ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﺤﻘﻴﻘﺘﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺯﻭاﻝ ﻣﻠﻚ اﻟﺒﻀﻊ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺯﻭاﻝ ﻣﻠﻚ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﻪ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻣﺤﻀﺎ ﻟﺰﻭاﻝ ﻣﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﻓﺠﺎﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ اﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺰﻳﻞ ﻟﻤﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ
ﻭﻻ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻮ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﺯا ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﻟﻮﺟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺟﻌﻴﺎ ﻛﺼﺮﻳﺢ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ
ﻷﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻻ ﻧﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯا ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﺑﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﻞ ﻟﻤﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﺋﻦ ﺇﺫ ﻟﺮﺟﻌﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﻞ ﻣﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻷﻣﺘﻪ ﻃﻠﻘﺘﻚ ﻭﻧﻮﻯ ﺑﻪ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺢ ﻷﻥ اﻷﺻﻞ ﺟﺎﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﻭﺃﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا ﻧﻘﻮﻝ
ﻳﻨﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﻨﻜﺎﺡ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﻬﺒﺔ ﻭاﻟﺘﻤﻠﻴﻚ ﻭاﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻷﻥ اﻟﻬﺒﺔ ﺑﺤﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻠﻚ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﻠﻚ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻣﺎء ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻬﺒﺔ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻣﺤﻀﺎ ﻟﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﻣﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﻓﺠﺎﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﻜﺎﺡ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻔﻆ اﻟﺘﻤﻠﻴﻚ ﻭاﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻭاﻟﻬﺒﺔ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﻨﻜﺎﺡ
ﺛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ اﻟﻤﺤﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﺯ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻥ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺷﺮﻃﺎ ﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﺯ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺼﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ اﻟﻨﻜﺎﺡ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﻬﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻤﻠﻴﻚ اﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻭاﻟﻬﺒﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻝ
ﻷﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ اﺭﺗﺪﺕ ﻭﻟﺤﻘﺖ ﺑﺪاﺭ اﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺛﻢ ﺳﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﺻﺎﺭ ﻫﺬا ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﺲ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﻭاﺧﻮاﺗﻪ