کتاب اصول شاشی [ترکمنی]
ﻓﺼﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻟﻹﻟﺰاﻡ ﻭﺃﺻﻠﻪ ﻹﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﻭاﻟﺘﻌﻠﻲ ﻭﻟﻬﺬا ﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻟﻔﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﻼﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا ﻗﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺇﺫا ﻗﺎﻝ ﺭﺃﺱ اﻟﺤﺼﻦ ﺁﻣﻨﻮﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻞ اﻟﺤﺼﻦ ﻓﻔﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺸﺮﺓ ﺳﻮاﻩ ﻭﺧﻴﺎﺭ اﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻪ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ اﻣﻨﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻢ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻓﻔﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻜﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺧﻴﺎﺭ اﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻷﻣﻦ
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ (اﻟﺒﺎء) ﻣﺠﺎﺯا ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺘﻚ ﻫﺬا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ (ﻋﻠﻰ) ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ (اﻟﺒﺎء) ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻭﺿﺔ
ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ (ﻋﻠﻰ) ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ (اﻟﺸﺮﻁ) ﻗﺎﻝ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ {ﻳﺒﺎﻳﻌﻨﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺸﺮﻛﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ}
) ﻭﻟﻬﺬا ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺣﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﺇﺫا ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﻃﻠﻘﻨﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻓﻄﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻭاﺣﺪﺓ ﻻ ﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﻷﻥ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻫﻬﻨﺎ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ اﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺷﺮﻃﺎ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﻡ اﻟﻤﺎﻝ
ﻓﺼﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ((ﻓﻲ))
ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻑ ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬا اﻷﺻﻞ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺑﻨﺎ
ﺇﺫا ﻗﺎﻝ ﻏﺼﺒﺖ ﺛﻮﺑﺎ (ﻓﻲ) ﻣﻨﺪﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻤﺮا (ﻓﻲ) ﻗﻮﺻﺮﺓ (ﻭﻋﺎء) ﻟﺰﻣﺎﻩ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ
ﺛﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭاﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭاﻟﻔﻌﻞ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫا اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻃﺎﻟﻖ ﻏﺪا
ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﻭﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺬﻓﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻃﺎﻟﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻃﺎﻟﻖ ﻏﺪا ﻳﻘﻊ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻃﻠﻊ اﻟﻔﺠﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻮﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ
ﻭﺫﻫﺐ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺣﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﺭﺡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺇﺫا ﺣﺬﻓﺖ ﻳﻘﻊ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻃﻠﻊ اﻟﻔﺠﺮ ﻭﺇﺫا ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ اﻟﻤﺮاﺩ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻹﺑﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﻠﻮﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ اﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﻊ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﺑﺄﻭﻝ اﻟﺠﺰء ﻟﻌﺪﻡ اﻟﻤﺰاﺣﻢ ﻟﻪ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﻧﻮﻯ ﺃﺧﺮ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻧﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﻝ اﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺻﻤﺖ اﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﻓﺄﻧﺖ ﻛﺬا ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﻡ اﻟﺸﻬﺮ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺻﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﻓﺄﻧﺖ ﻛﺬا ﻳﻘﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻣﺴﺎﻙ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻃﺎﻟﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪاﺭ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻃﻼﻗﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ
ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﺫا ﺣﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ
ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻛﻮﻥ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ اﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ
ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻛﻮﻥ اﻟﻤﺤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ اﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭاﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻷﻥ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﺄﺛﺮﻩ ﻭﺃﺛﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻞ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺇﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ
ﻗﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ
ﺇﺫا ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺘﻤﺘﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﻓﻜﺬا ﻓﺸﺘﻤﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﻭاﻟﻤﺸﺘﻮﻡ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ اﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﻳﺤﻨﺚ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ اﻟﺸﺎﺗﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ اﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﻭاﻟﻤﺸﺘﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻨﺚ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺿﺮﺑﺘﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺠﺠﺘﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﻓﻜﺬا ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻛﻮﻥ اﻟﻤﻀﺮﻭﺏ ﻭاﻟﻤﺸﺠﻮﺝ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻛﻮﻥ اﻟﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﻭاﻟﺸﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﻗﺘﻠﺘﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ اﻟﺨﻤﻴﺲ ﻓﻜﺬا ﻓﺠﺮﺣﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻳﻮﻡ اﻟﺨﻤﻴﺲ ﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﻮﻡ اﻟﺨﻤﻴﺲ ﻳﺤﻨﺚ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﺟﺮﺣﻪ ﻳﻮﻡ اﻟﺨﻤﻴﺲ ﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﻮﻡ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻨﺚ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻁ
ﻗﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭﺡ ﺇﺫا ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻃﺎﻟﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻚ اﻟﺪاﺭ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻘﻊ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ اﻟﺪاﺭ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻃﺎﻟﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻀﺘﻚ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺾ ﻭﻗﻊ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻭﺇﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﺾ ﻭﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻃﺎﻟﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻲء ﻳﻮﻡ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻄﻠﻊ اﻟﻔﺠﺮ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻀﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﻊ اﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﺮﻭﺏ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺪ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ اﻟﺸﺮﻁ
ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﺠﻲء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ
ﻭﻓﻲ اﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩاﺕ ﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻃﺎﻟﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺭاﺩﺓ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ
ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ