ﻓﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ

اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻮاﻉ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻄﻒ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ
ﺃﻣﺎ اﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻇﺎﻫﺮا ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻓﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮاﺩ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﻴﺘﻘﺮﺭ ﺣﻜﻢ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﻪ
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﺇﺫا ﻗﺎﻝ ﻟﻔﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻔﻴﺰ ﺣﻨﻄﺔ ﺑﻘﻔﻴﺰ اﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺪ اﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ
ﻷﻥ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻔﻴﺰ اﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻭﻧﻘﺪﻩ ﻣﻊ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﺭاﺩﺓ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﺈﺫا ﺑﻴﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺮﺭﻩ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﻪ
ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻟﻔﻼﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻭﺩﻳﻌﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺈﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ اﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﺭاﺩﺓ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﺈﺫا ﻗﺎﻝ ﻭﺩﻳﻌﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺮﺭ ﺣﻜﻢ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﻪ
ﻓﺼﻞ ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ

ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫا ﻛﺎﻥ اﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺸﻮﻑ اﻟﻤﺮاﺩ ﻓﻜﺸﻔﻪ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﺇﺫا
ﻗﺎﻝ ﻟﻔﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻲء ﺛﻢ ﻓﺴﺮاﻟﺸﻲء ﺑﺜﻮﺏ
ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺩﺭاﻫﻢ ﻭﻧﻴﻒ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺴﺮ اﻟﻨﻴﻒ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺩﺭاﻫﻢ ﻭﻓﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﺜﻼ
ﻭﺣﻜﻢ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺤﺢ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻻ ﻭﻣﻔﺼﻮﻻ