کتاب اصول شاشی [ترکمنی]
ﻭﻧﻈﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﺲ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻭﻯ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺲ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻓﻠﻴﺘﻮﺿﺄ)
ﻓﻌﺮﺿﻨﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ {ﻓﻴﻪ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﻳﺤﺒﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻄﻬﺮﻭا}
ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺠﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻐﺴﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء
ﻭﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺲ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺣﺪﺛﺎ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺬا ﺗﻨﺠﻴﺴﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼﻕ
ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺴﻼﻡ
ﺃﻳﻤﺎ اﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻧﻜﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﻐﻴﺮ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻭﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻨﻜﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ {ﻓﻼ ﺗﻌﻀﻠﻮﻫﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻜﺤﻦ ﺃﺯﻭاﺟﻬﻦ} ﻓﺈﻥ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻨﻜﺎﺡ ﻣﻨﻬﻦ
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ اﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺭﻭاﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﺑﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻭﻳﻤﻴﻦ
ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
(اﻟﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﺩﻋﻰ ﻭاﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻜﺮ)ﺑﺤﺚ ﺗﺮﻙ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺇﺫا ﻳﺨﺎﻟﻒ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ
ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬاﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺧﺒﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺇﺫا ﺧﺮﺝ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎ ﻟﻠﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ اﺷﺘﻬﺎﺭ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻢ ﺑﻪ اﻟﺒﻠﻮﻯ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﺪﺭ اﻷﻭﻝ ﻭاﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻬﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺼﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ
ﻓﺈﺫا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﺮ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺪﺓ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻡ اﻟﺒﻠﻮﻯ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺻﺤﺘﻪ
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺫا ﺃﺧﺒﺮ ﻭاﺣﺪ ﺃﻥ اﻣﺮﺃﺗﻪ ﺣﺮﻣﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺿﺎﻉ اﻟﻄﺎﺭﻯء ﺟﺎﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺒﺮﻩ ﻭﻳﺘﺰﻭﺝ اﺧﺘﻬﺎ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﺃﺧﺒﺮ اﻥ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻃﻼ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮﺿﺎﻉ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺧﺒﺮﻩ
ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﺫا ﺃﺧﺒﺮﺕ اﻟﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﺑﻤﻮﺕ ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻼﻗﻪ ﺇﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ
ﺟﺎﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺒﺮﻩ ﻭﺗﺘﺰﻭﺝ ﺑﻐﻴﺮﻩ
ﻭﻟﻮ اﺷﺘﺒﻬﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻓﺄﺧﺒﺮﻩ ﻭاﺣﺪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺩﻣﺎء ﻻ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﺄﺧﺒﺮﻩ ﻭاﺣﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﺎﺳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﺿﺄ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻞ ﻳﺘﻴﻤﻢ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺣﺠﻴﺔ ﺧﺒﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ
ﻓﺼﻞ ﺧﺒﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺣﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ
ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ
ﻭﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻌﺒﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﻟﺰاﻡ ﻣﺤﺾ
ﻭﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺣﻘﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻟﺰاﻡ
ﻭﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺣﻘﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﻟﺰاﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻪ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻵﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺧﺒﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ اﻷﻋﺮاﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻼﻝ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ
ﺃﻣﺎ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻴﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻭاﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﻴﺮﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﻴﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺧﺒﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻋﺪﻻ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺎﺳﻘﺎ ﻭﻧﻈﻴﺮﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻓﻴﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﻭ اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺑﻲ ﺣﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﺭﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﻧﻈﻴﺮﻩ اﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﻭاﻟﺤﺠﺮ