ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ

ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﺺ
ﻭاﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ اﻟﻨﺺ
ﻭاﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻯ ﺣﻜﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻘﻞ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ
ﻭاﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﻻ ﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻐﻮﻱ
ﻭاﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ اﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﺺ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺣﻜﻲ ﺃﻥ اﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﺑﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺳﺌﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﻬﻘﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻠﻮﺓ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ اﻧﺘﻘﻀﺖ اﻟﻄﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻬﺎ
ﻗﺎﻝ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻮ ﻗﺬﻑ ﻣﺤﺼﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻠﻮﺓ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﺾ ﺑﻪ اﻟﻮﺿﻮء ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺬﻑ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻨﺔ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻬﻘﻬﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻧﻪ
ﻓﻬﺬا ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﺺ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﻷﻋﺮاﺑﻲ اﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﻮء
ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﺫا ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺟﺎﺯ ﺣﺞ اﻟﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻡ ﻓﻴﺠﻮﺯ ﻣﻊ اﻷﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬا ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﺺ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺴﻼﻡ
(ﻻ ﻳﺤﻞ ﻹﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻪ ﻭاﻟﻴﻮﻡ اﻵﺧﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻓﺮ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻴﺎﻟﻴﻬﺎ اﻻ ﻭﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﺑﻮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺫﻭ ﺭﺣﻢ ﻣﺤﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ)
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ اﻟﻨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ اﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺿﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻴﻤﻢ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺬا ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺁﻳﺔ اﻟﻮﺿﻮء ﻣﻦ اﻹﻃﻼﻕ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ

ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﺫا ﻗﻠﻨﺎ اﻟﻄﻮاﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺻﻠﻮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺒﺮ ﻓﻴﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻟﻪ اﻟﻄﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺳﺘﺮ اﻟﻌﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻟﺼﻠﻮﺓ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬا ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺺ اﻟﻄﻮاﻑ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻃﻼﻕ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﻴﺪ