کتاب اصول شاشی [ترکمنی]
ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ
ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﺗﺐ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﺔ
ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﺛﻢ اﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﻮﻥ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﻭاﻹﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ
ﺑﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ
ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ اﻟﻄﻮاﻑ ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﺴﻘﻮﻁ اﻟﺤﺮﺝ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺳﺘﺌﺬاﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ {ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺟﻨﺎﺡ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﻦ ﻃﻮاﻓﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ}
ﺛﻢ ﺃﺳﻘﻂ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺼﻠﻮﺓ ﻭاﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺣﺮﺝ ﻧﺠﺎﺳﺔ ﺳﺆﺭ اﻟﻬﺮﺓ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺴﻼﻡ
(ﻭاﻟﻬﺮﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻨﺠﺴﻪ ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻮاﻓﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﻭاﻟﻄﻮاﻓﺎﺕ)
ﻓﻘﺎﺱ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺑﻨﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﺄﺭﺓ ﻭاﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﻄﻮاﻑ
ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ {ﻳﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻜﻢ اﻟﻴﺴﺮ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﻢ اﻟﻌﺴﺮ}
ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﺃﻥ اﻹﻓﻄﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﻭاﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺮ ﻟﺘﻴﺴﻴﺮ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻟﻴﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮا ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺟﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺣﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﺭﺡ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺮ اﺫا ﻧﻮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ ﻭاﺟﺒﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻭاﺟﺐ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻟﻪ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﺺ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ اﻹﻓﻄﺎﺭ ﻓﻸﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻟﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺩﻳﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ اﺧﺮاﺝ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻬﺪﺓ اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭاﻟﺼﻠﻮﺓ
(ﻟﻴﺲ اﻟﻮﺿﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪا ﺃﻭ ﺭاﻛﻌﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﺟﺪا اﻧﻤﺎ اﻟﻮﺿﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻀﻄﺠﻌﺎ) ﻓﺎﻧﻪ اﺫا ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻀﻄﺠﻌﺎ اﺳﺘﺮﺧﺖ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺟﻌﻞ اﺳﺘﺮﺧﺎء اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻌﺪﻯ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻮﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪا ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻜﺌﺎ اﻟﻰ ﺷﺊ ﻟﻮ ﺃﺯﻳﻞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻟﺴﻘﻂ
ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻹﻏﻤﺎء ﻭاﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺴﻼﻡ
(ﺗﻮﺿﺌﻲ ﻭﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺮا ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﻡ ﻋﺮﻕ اﻧﻔﺠﺮ)
ﺟﻌﻞ اﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ اﻟﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻓﺘﻌﺪﻯ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺼﺪ ﻭاﻟﺤﺠﺎﻣﺔ
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ (اﻟﺼﻐﺮ) ﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ اﻷﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻖ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﺜﺒﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻖ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ
ﻭاﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻘﻞ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﺰﻭاﻝ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ اﻷﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻐﻼﻡ ﻓﻴﺘﻌﺪﻯ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ
ﻭاﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ اﻟﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎﺽ ﻟﻠﻄﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺎﺿﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻌﺪﻯ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﻰ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ