کتاب اصول شاشی [ترکمنی]
ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ
ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻭﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻌﻠﺘﻪ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺷﺮﻃﻪ
ﻓﺎﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻲء ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ
ﻛﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﻲ
ﻭاﻟﺤﺒﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺎﻹﺩﻻء
ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺷﺮﻋﺎ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﺔ
ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺑﺎﺏ اﻹﺻﻄﺒﻞ ﻭاﻟﻘﺺ ﻭﺣﻞ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﻌﺒﺪ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺑﺔ ﻭاﻟﻄﻴﺮ ﻭاﻟﻌﺒﺪ ﺑﺤﺚ اﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻭاﻟﻌﻠﺔ
ﻭاﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﺇﺫا اﺟﺘﻤﻌﺎ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫا ﺗﻌﺬﺭﺕ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺑﻨﺎ ﺇﺫا ﺩﻓﻊ اﻟﺴﻜﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﺒﻲ ﻓﻘﺘﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﺳﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺪ اﻟﺼﺒﻲ ﻓﺠﺮﺣﻪ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﺼﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩاﺑﺔ ﻓﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﺠﺎﻟﺖ ﻳﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺮﺓ ﻓﺴﻘﻂ ﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﺩﻝ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻝ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﺴﺮﻗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻘﺘﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻓﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻻ ﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪاﻝ ﻭﻫﺬا ﺑﺨﻼﻑ اﻟﻤﻮﺩﻉ ﺇﺫا ﺩﻝ اﻟﺴﺎﺭﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﺩﻳﻌﺔ ﻓﺴﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻝ اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻡ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﺮﻡ ﻓﻘﺘﻠﻪ
ﻷﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ اﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﺩﻉ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﻙ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻡ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﻈﻮﺭ ﺇﺣﺮاﻣﻪ ﺑﻤﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﻣﺲ اﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻭﻟﺒﺲ اﻟﻤﺨﻴﻂ ﻓﻴﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ اﻟﻤﺤﻈﻮﺭ ﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ اﻟﺠﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻘﺮﺭ ﺑﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﻓﺈﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻓﻼ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻟﻪ ﻟﺠﻮاﺯ اﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﺛﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﺰﻟﺔ اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺏ اﻟﺠﺮاﺣﺔ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻛﻮﻥ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ
ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻀﺎﻑ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻀﺎﻑ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ
ﻭﻟﻬﺬا ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﺫا ﺳﺎﻕ ﺩاﺑﺔ ﻓﺄﺗﻠﻒ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻖ
ﻭاﻟﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺇﺫا ﺃﺗﻠﻒ ﺑﺸﻬﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﻣﺎﻻ ﻓﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻄﻼﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻷﻥ ﺳﻴﺮ اﻟﺪاﺑﺔ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻭﻗﻀﺎء اﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻌﻪ ﺗﺮﻙ اﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﺑﻌﺪ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ اﻟﺤﻖ ﺑﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ اﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺻﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﻨﺰﻟﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻖ