کتاب اصول شاشی [ترکمنی]
ﻓﺼﻞ
اﻟﻔﺮﺽ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﻣﻔﺮﻭﺿﺎﺕ اﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﻣﻘﺪﺭاﺗﻪ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭاﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ
ﻭﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﻣﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﻻ ﺷﺒﻬﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﻭﺣﻜﻤﻪ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻭاﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ
ﻭاﻟﻮﺟﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﻘﻮﻁ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺒﺪ ﺑﻼ اﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻪ
ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ اﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺏ ﺳﻤﻲ اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ
ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﺽ ﻭاﻟﻨﻔﻞ
ﻓﺼﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺿﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺗﺮﻛﻪ
ﻭﻧﻔﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻖ اﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻨﺎ اﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﻣﺎ
ﻭﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﺒﻬﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻭاﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺣﺎﺩ
ﻭﺣﻜﻤﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ
ﻭاﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺏ اﻟﻠﻴﻦ ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺴﻼﻡ
(ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﺑﺴﻨﺘﻲ ﻭﺳﻨﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻋﻀﻮا ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﻮاﺟﺬ)ﻭﺣﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻤﺮء ﺑﺈﺣﻴﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ اﻟﻻﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺬﺭ
ﻭاﻟﻨﻔﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭاﻟﻐﻨﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻔﻼ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ
ﻭﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺮاﺋﺾ ﻭاﻟﻮاﺟﺒﺎﺕ
ﻭﺣﻜﻤﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺜﺎﺏ اﻟﻤﺮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻪ ﻭاﻟﻨﻔﻞ ﻭاﻟﺘﻄﻮﻉ ﻧﻈﻴﺮاﻥ ﺑﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻭﺷﺮﻋﺎ
ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﻤﺔ
ﻫﻲ اﻟﻘﺼﺪ اﺫا ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻮﻛﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻬﺬا ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ اﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﻁء ﻋﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺏ اﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺠﺎﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩا ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺬا ﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻋﺰﻡ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﻔﺎ ﻭﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻟﺰﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ اﺑﺘﺪاء ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﻋﺰﻳﻤﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻮﻛﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﻮﻥ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺽ اﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﻟﻬﻨﺎ ﻭﻧﺤﻦ ﻋﺒﻴﺪﻩ ﻭﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﺽ ﻭاﻟﻮاﺟﺐ