کتاب اصول شاشی [ترکمنی]
ﺑﻴﺎﻥ اﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻭﺷﺮﻋﺎ
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ اﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ ﻓﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻴﺴﺮ ﻭاﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ
ﻭﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﺻﺮﻑ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺴﺮ اﻟﻰ ﻳﺴﺮ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﺬﺭ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﻠﻒ
ﻭﺃﻧﻮاﻋﻬﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﻋﺬاﺭ اﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩ
ﻭﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺗﺆﻭﻝ اﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ
ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﺭﺧﺼﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﺤﺮﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﺰﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻔﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺏ اﻟﺠﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﻮ اﺟﺮاء ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﻔﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ اﻃﻤﺌﻨﺎﻥ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﻛﺮاﻩ ﻭﺳﺐ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺇﺗﻼﻑ ﻣﺎﻝ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻢ ﻭﻗﺘﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻇﻠﻤﺎ
ﻭﺣﻜﻤﻪ اﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ ﺻﺒﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺄﺟﻮﺭا ﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺮاﻡ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻤﺎ ﻟﻨﻬﻲ اﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺴﻼﻡ
ﻭاﻟﻨﻮﻉ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺻﻔﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻥ ﻳﺼﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻪ ﻗﺎﻝ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ {ﻓﻤﻦ اﺿﻄﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﻤﺼﺔ}
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻻﻛﺮاﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﻭﺷﺮﺏ اﻟﺨﻤﺮ
ﻭﺣﻜﻤﻪ اﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ اﻣﺘﻨﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺁﺛﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺡ ﻭﺻﺎﺭ ﻛﻘﺎﺗﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﺑﻼ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ
ﺃﻧﻮاﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
1 - اﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ اﻟﻘﺊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﻗﺾ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺒﻴﻠﻴﻦ
ﻭاﻻﺥ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺥ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻭﻻﺩ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ
ﻭﺳﺌﻞ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭﺡ ﺃﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﺼﺒﻲ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻻ ﻷﻥ اﻟﺼﺒﻲ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﻪ اﻟﻘﻠﻢ
ﻗﺎﻝ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻮﺟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻳﻚ اﻷﺏ ﻻﻥ اﻷﺏ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﻪ اﻟﻘﻠﻢ ﻓﺼﺎﺭ اﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻫﺬا ﺑﻤﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻤﺖ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻻﺯﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻔﺎﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ
ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭﺡ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﺪ اﻟﻤﻐﺼﻮﺏ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻤﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻤﻐﺼﻮﺏ ﻭﻻ ﻗﺼﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺷﻬﻮﺩ اﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ ﺇﺫا ﺭﺟﻌﻮا ﻷﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻘﺎﺗﻞ
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ اﻟﻐﺼﺐ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ اﻟﻐﺼﺐ ﻭاﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ اﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ